An Examination Of The Colonist s Retaliation Against...

An Examination of the Colonist’s Retaliation against British Crown’s Taxation The American colonies were justified in their response to the taxes King George III and Parliament applied on the colonist as Britain allowed this new world to form its own reality and sense of independence by refusing to financially support the colonies and ignoring the large gap that developed over time between the colonies and Britain. For years Britain’s economy reaped the rewards of financial gain through the laws of the Navigation Acts which forced the use of only British vessels for trade between the Britain and its colonies and the Triangle Trade which Britain and its colonies and Africa traded between themselves for slaves, raw goods and manufactured products. During this time Britain’s concern for a relationship with its colonies diminished and as time passed so did the colonists sense of being British. As more immigrants from other nations settled in the colonies and children born in this new land became adults, being British lessened. This new blended generation romanced new religious ideas and explored theories on free will and democracy during the Enlightenment period, which led to the disenchantment of the colonies with a monarch led government. Britain struggled with control and power over the colonies as it became unclear who was governing the colonies and Britain focused only on its law s over shipping and British ports to maintain funds for the crown and soon neglected

Gender Roles in Twelfth Night Essay example - 2154 Words

Born on approximately April 23, 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon, England, William Shakespeare is considered by many to have been the greatest writer the English language has ever known. His literary legacy included 37 plays, 154 sonnets, and five major poems. Among his many plays is the notable, Twelfth Night, a romantic comedy, placed in a festive atmosphere in which three couples are brought together happily. The play opens with Orsino, the Duke of Illyria, expressing his deep love for the Countess Olivia. Meanwhile, the shipwrecked Viola disguises herself as a man and endeavors to enter the Duke’s service. Although she has rejected his suit, the Duke then employs Viola, who takes the name of Cesario, to woo Olivia for him. As the†¦show more content†¦In spite of the promise of three weddings to be celebrated, the play concludes on a sour note when Feste, the clown, depicts life as grim, for the rain it raineth every day (Act V Scene i). They play’s primary central theme is that of the comic relationships between men and women. Furthermore, it illustrates the traditional, societal notions of â€Å"interdependence, and the newly emerging attitudes towards individual choice and personal desire, or as the play puts it, ‘will’† (Malcolmson 163). Although Twelfth Night is a story of love and courtship, nevertheless, it is also a â€Å"comedy of gende r,† because of its ability to override the traditional Elizabethan notions of the female role through the characters of Viola and Olivia. The date of the composition of Twelfth Night is fixed around 1600 â€Å"during a period before a woman’s place was imagined as separate sphere, since, for the Renaissance, a woman was considered to be analogous to other social inferiors in a hierarchical society† (Malcolmson 161). During this time, England was enjoying a period of socio-political security and respect for the arts. Unfortunately, Elizabethan society was a masculine society in which women had little part. The female in Elizabethan society was not only subordinate to the male because of her unpredictability but also because of her nature as the gentler sex. A woman was considered to be fit for homemaking and child-bearing; she was considered to have noShow MoreRelatedGender Roles in Twelfth Night2204 Words   |  9 PagesStratford-upon-Avon, England, William Shakespeare is considered by many to have been the greatest writer the English language has ever known. His literary legacy included 37 plays, 1 54 sonnets, and five major poems. Among his many plays is the notable, Twelfth Night, a romantic comedy, placed in a festive atmosphere in which three couples are brought together happily. The play opens with Orsino, the Duke of Illyria, expressing his deep love for the Countess Olivia. Meanwhile, the shipwrecked Viola disguisesRead MoreTwelfth Night By Shakespeares Influence Of Gender Roles In Poetry1133 Words   |  5 Pages Gender roles play a major part in interpreting plays and poems. From the Early Modern English period to the 18th century and Enlightenment to present day gender roles and how they are viewed have changed. In the first piece woman were viewed as less than men and had to maneuver around to please men. As time progresses, the second piece shows how gender roles become more equal in life. This changes through time and is shown when you read Twelfth Night by Shakespeare and A Nocturnal Reverie byRead Moretwelfth night Essay952 Words   |  4 Pages Twelfth Night Essay While many will agree that Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night is critically acclaimed to be one of the most entertaining and well-liked pieces that he has written, there tends to be a discrepancy over how the characters in the play are portrayed when it comes to the importance of gender roles. After reading James C Bulman’s article over the Globe’s more recent performance of Twelfth Night and Shakespeare’s original written version, I realized that there are many ways that this famousRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1221 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare’s Twelfth Night is a widely known romantic comedy that was first published in 1623. Twelfth Night is one of Shakespeare’s finest works and it tends to have an affinity to modern romantic comedy films and stories. The play has love triangles, unrequited love, lies and deceit, playful comedic relief, and obstacles that interfere with characters’ goals. Many of Shakespeare’s pl ays were turned into film adaptations and many were used very loosely as source material. Hamlet had Lion King (veryRead MoreEssay Gender in as You Like It and Twelfth Night1438 Words   |  6 PagesGender Roles in Twelfth Night and As you Like It Much of the comedy in Twelfth Night and As you Like It emerges from Shakespeare’s distortion of traditional gender roles, as both plays contain strong female leads who disguise themselves as males. Though both Viola and Rosalind help their less-than-ideal beloveds woo their own objects of desire, and both disguises emerge party from the loss of a male familial figure, the women inhabit their male facades in drastically different ways. In both playsRead MoreEssay on Disguises and Mistaken Identity in Twelfth Night1372 Words   |  6 Pagesdisguise are important aspects of comedy in Twelfth Night that stand at the forefront of the play’s comedy. Not only are mistaken identities and disguise evident within the main plot of the play but also in various other situations. Sexual confusion amongst characters, subversion of gender roles and farcical elements through stagecraft all effectively contribute to the dramatic comedy genre. However, it can be suggested that certain e lements of Twelfth Night are not interpreted to be purely comedic;Read MoreHamlet And Twelfth Night Comparison Essay957 Words   |  4 Pagescomedies. Of them, Hamlet and Twelfth Night are perfect examples of both. A comparison between them could be of interest because their common points demonstrate that, however differing their genres are, Shakespeare’s plays essentially illustrate what it is to be human[1] . [2] Hamlet and Twelfth Night could both be compared through instances of body imagery, critical thought and social integration. In the first place, when it comes to body imagery in Hamlet and Twelfth Night, the first uses it as aRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Twelfth Night Essay1146 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Twelfth Night The use of genre in any literary work assist the responder in understanding the text, as prior knowledge and past experience are used by composers to construct certain expectations due to characteristics that are recognised. Shakespeare, in his play Twelfth Night uses the Romantic comedy genre and its conventions of strong themes of love and a series of obstacles and misunderstandings concluded with a harmonious union of the loversRead More Essay on Twelfth Night: A Gender-Bending Journey1574 Words   |  7 PagesTwelfth Night: A Gender-Bending Journey      Ã‚   Shakespeare enjoyed writing passionate plays about young lovers, but, after a while, the formula became exhausted and the Bard was forced to dig deeper, creatively speaking. Twelfth Night is an example of a Shakespearean love tale with a slight twist to keep things interesting. This play was the â€Å"Tootsie† of its time. Twelfth Night takes the audience on a gender-bending journey, while maintaining all the elements of true love throughout. At one pointRead MoreCompare And Contrast Hamlet And Twelfth Night1162 Words   |  5 PagesFrom Hilarity to Tragedy in Shakespeare: How Hamlet and Twelfth Night Compare By Zawadi Bunzigiye William Shakespeare wrote plays covering the breadth of human experience. They seem to have transcended the restraints of age because of the universal themes that they contain. His body of his work is comprised of genres of plays varying from tragedies to comedies. Of them, Hamlet and Twelfth Night are perfect examples of both. A comparison between them would be of interest because their common points

Significance of Microbial Community Structure for Hotriculture

Question: Discuss about theSignificance of Microbial Community Structurefor Hotriculture Systems. Answer: Significance of microbial community structure indicator in evaluating Australian Agriculture and Hotriculture Systems Introduction Evidence-based research literature confirms the attribution of microorganisms in terms of effectively maintaining the quality and productivity of soils of various geographical regions (Sharma, et al., 2010). Microbial community maintains significant agricultural processes including pollutants degradation, structural dynamics of soil as well as regulation of the fundamental nutrients. Microbial indicators require analysis at the individual level, population level, functional (group) level, community level and ecosystem level for exploring the soil enzymes, denitrification, nitrogen mineralization, basal respiration rate as well as the microbial biomass (Sharma, et al., 2010). The research findings by (Bissett, et al., 2016) indicate the requirement of nitrogen in the soil for tenure of six months in the context of cultivating the crops near the Australian coastal regions. The microbes in the Australian soil facilitate the conversion of soil fertilizer to nitrous oxide that evidentiall y leads to environmental deterioration (Bissett, et al., 2016). The research data confirms the genetic adaptability of soil microorganisms in terms of utilizing nitrogen for accomplishing their nutritional requirements. The presence of Nif genes and diazotrophic microbes in the Australian soil is an indicator of its nitrogen fixing capacity. Such type of soil appears beneficial for cultivating the crops in the Australian environment. Genome analysis of the microbial community in the Australian soil reveals the existence of rRNA sequences in the 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA genes (Bissett, et al., 2016). The pattern of consistent soil cultivation in the Australian regions reduces its microbial elements that reciprocally decrease its quality as well as nutritional abundance. Analysis of Australian soil reveals the following facts regarding the highest concentration of various microorganisms in the arid, continental, temperate and tropical regions (Trivedi, Delgado-Baquerizo, Anderson, Singh, 2016). Microbe Agricultural Systems Natural Systems Acidobacteria Tropical and continental systems Tropical and continental systems Proteobacteria Tropical and continental systems Tropical and continental systems Actinobacteria Arid and temperate systems Arid and temperate systems Verrucomicrobia Continental system Continental system Chloroflexi Arid and temperate systems Arid and temperate systems Firmicutes Arid and temperate systems Arid and continental systems Cyanobacteria Tropical systems Arid systems Planctomycetes Tropical and temperate systems Tropical and temperate systems The root exudates of various plants species influence the concentration of the microbial community in the Australian soil. These exudates include amino acids, organic acids and carbohydrates (Gourmelon, et al., 2016). The soil of the elevated concentration of potassium/magnesium ratio remains dominated with the formations of Tristaniopsis. The dispersal limitations of the Australian soil prove to be the deciding factors in relation to the development of microbial communities. Thus, the quality of the soil derives from its dispersal limitations under the influence of geographical and environmental factors. The development of Actinobacteria in the Australian soil is based on the direction of wind flow that effectively facilitates its dispersal (Eisenlord, Zak, Upchurch, 2012). Ecological forces including climatic alteration and edaphic attributes reciprocally facilitate the propagation of Actinobacteria in the soil of arid and temperate systems. The change in weather influences the pa ttern of C: N ratio in the soil as well as distance and time variations proves to be the deciding factors for the dispersion of Actinobacteria in the oldest soil. The variation between decay and observed distance over the course of time influences the abundance of 16S rRNA genes of Actinobacteria in the soil environment (Eisenlord, Zak, Upchurch, 2012). Evidence-based findings by (Miyashita, 2015) indicate the influence of evolutionary history of soil as well as associated microbes and environmental factors above the ground as the contributory factors that facilitate the development of Betaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria classes. The topology of trees as well as the magnesium content and C:N ratio of the soil influence the variance of proteobacteria in the continental and tropical regions. Contrarily, the association of Acidobacteria in soil varies in accordance with the alteration of its pH. However, other physicochemical properties of the soil do not influence the distribution of Acidobacteria under its layers (Miyashita, 2015). The metagenomic and genomic information substantiate the ecological capacity of Acidobacteria in terms of utilizing nitrogen sources and exhibiting response against soil acidity as well concentration of micro and macronutrients (Kielak, Barreto, Kowalchuk, Veen, Kuramae, 2016). Agrobacterium proves to be the source of EPS (exopolysaccharide) production through the expression of various active transporters. These bacteria also facilitate the active degradation of gellan gum and induce competitive mechanisms for improving the health and quality of soil structure. Nitrogen reduction capacity of Acidobacteria attributes to their nirA gene that assists in the encoding of nitrate reductase for the effective transformation of nitrate to nitrite that further reduces to glutamate and ammonia (Kielak, Barreto, Kowalchuk, Veen, Kuramae, 2016). Different strains of Acidobacteria including ATCC51196, Ellin345, MP5ACTX8, MP5ACTX9, SP1PR4, DSM23119, ELLIN6076, K22, MP-01, DSM6591 and TMBS4 contain transporter systems that assist in the configuration of substrate categories attributing to anions, cations, siderophores, peptides and amino acids (Kielak, Barreto, Kowalchuk, Veen, Kuramae, 2016). The transformation of these ingredients gives an added advantage to Acidobacteria in terms of acq uiring sustainability in oligotropic soil conditions. This rationally enhances the cultivation capacity of soil in the continental and tropical systems. The research findings by (Navarrete, et al., 2015) reveal the inverse relationship between the structure and composition of Verrucomicrobial community and the nutritional content and associated fertility of the Australian continental soil. The soil fertility factors including the concentration of potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus and total nitrogen influence the abundance of Verrucomicrobia in the continental agricultural and natural systems (Navarrete, et al., 2015). Verrucomicrobia evidentially interact with the plants roots as well as chemical factors in the soil. The abundance of Verrucomicrobia is directly related to the reduced nitrogen availability in the soil if the continental system. Verrucomicrobia remain increasingly dependent on the organic matter in soil. The r-selected and k-selected Verrucomicrobia exhibit elevated and decreased growth rates based on the nutritional uptake mechanisms and substrate affinities of the forest and as well the deforested soils (Nava rrete, et al., 2015). In conclusion, the limited nutrient availability of the Australian continental soil is indicated by the abundance of Verrucomicrobia community. The research analysis by (Trivedi, Delgado-Baquerizo, Anderson, Singh, 2016) confirms the increased abundance of Chloroflexi in the soils of the agricultural system in comparison to the natural soil system in the Australian subcontinent. The chemical and biophysical heterogeneity of the agricultural soil system facilitates the growth of Chloroflexi in the temperate and arid regions. Unlike Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi does not grow well in the natural soil system; however, its abundance in agricultural soil is a potential indicator of soils nutritional capacity (Trivedi, Delgado-Baquerizo, Anderson, Singh, 2016). Firmicutes develop under the influence of thawed environment in permafrost soil. The thawed atmosphere induces the Firmicutes genes that encode hydrolases decompose the ether bonds of dead bacterial biomass in permafrost soil. This makes Firmicutes as the greatest indicators of microbial development and responses in the thawed soils. However, Cyanobacteria utilize amino acids and oligopeptides in terms of nitrogen sources in permafrost soil for effectively assimilating the organic compounds during the process of biosynthesis. The appearance of Cyanobacteria in the layers of soil (after thaw) is confirmed by the increased activity of their genes with the objective of producing ammonia from nitrate across the spring sediments. Microbial activity in the permafrost thaw is measured by determining the pH fluctuation in the thawed soil. This activity rationally indicates the generation of greenhouse gases under the influence of microbial decomposition in the permafrost soil. Conclusion The analysis of the microbial community structure and prevalence across the agricultural and natural soil systems is necessarily required with the objective of testing their cultivation capacity. Microbial variation in different soil regions proves to be a significant indicator that assists in determining the quality of soil in the Australian horticultural and agricultural systems. References Bissett, A., Fitzgerald, A., Meintjes, T., Mele, P. M., Reith, F., Dennis, P. G., . . . Young, A. (2016). Introducing BASE: the Biomes of Australian Soil Environments soil microbial diversity database. Gigascience. Eisenlord, S. D., Zak, D. R., Upchurch, R. A. (2012). Dispersal limitation and the assembly of soil Actinobacteria communities in a long-term chronosequence. Ecology and Evolution, 2(3), 538-549. doi:10.1002/ece3.210 Gourmelon, V., Maggia, L., Powell, J. R., Gigante, S., Hortal, S., Gueunier, C., . . . Carriconde, F. (2016). Environmental and Geographical Factors Structure Soil Microbial Diversity in New Caledonian Ultramafic Substrates: A Metagenomic Approach. PLoS One. Kielak, A. M., Barreto, C. C., Kowalchuk, G. A., Veen, J. A., Kuramae, E. E. (2016). The Ecology of Acidobacteria: Moving beyond Genes and Genomes. Frontiers in Microbiology. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00744 Miyashita, N. T. (2015). Contrasting soil bacterial community structure between the phyla Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria in tropical Southeast Asian and temperate Japanese forests. Genes Genetic Systems, 61-77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1266/ggs.90.61 Navarrete, A. A., Soares, T., Rossetto, R., Veen, J. A., Tsai, S. M., Kuramae, E. E. (2015). Verrucomicrobial community structure and abundance as indicators for changes in chemical factors linked to soil fertility. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 741-752. doi:10.1007/s10482-015-0530-3 Sharma, S. K., Ramesh, A., Sharma, M. P., Joshi, O. P., Govaerts, B., Steenwerth, K. L., Karlen, D. L. (2010). Microbial Community Structure and Diversity as Indicators for Evaluating Soil Quality. Biodiversity, Biofuels, Agroforestry and Conservation Agriculture, 317-358. Trivedi, P., Delgado-Baquerizo, M., Anderson, I. C., Singh, B. K. (2016). Response of Soil Properties and Microbial Communities to Agriculture: Implications for Primary Productivity and Soil Health Indicators. Frontiers in Plant Science.